Category: Research & Summaries

Learning Goal: I’m working on a research & summaries project and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.
Overview: For this short paper, you will first develop a hypothesis about smiling at others and then develop a corresponding research design. Once you have established your hypothesis and research design, you will then collect data by smiling at 10 people. Please make sure to adhere to this requirement — DO NOT approach or interact with any of the people that you smile at, as this would constitute human subjects research and require COCE Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. Finally, you will write up your study and conclusions drawn from the research. Please see the following detailed instructions:
Begin by doing a quick literature search around smiling or some sort of smiling behavior. This paper requires at least one peer-reviewed article cited in the introduction.
Next, develop a hypothesis statement. Think about what you have read in your literature search and what you experience in the world around you. What might you want to know about smiling? Make sure to use the “If . . . then . . . ” format.
Then, develop your methodology—what exactly are you going to do to test your hypothesis? Rigorous science starts with and sticks to a plan, so you should think through various challenges and how you might address them if they arise. If you start collecting data and then determine your methodology needs to change, you should discard all data collected to date and begin fresh with the new methodology.
Once you have the hypothesis and methods, you can go in one of two directions. Typically an experiment is carried out over a period of months or even years and the paper is written at the end. However, this is a week-long assignment and you might want to sit down and write the introduction and methods while everything is fresh in your mind.
In whatever order you decide to do them, the remaining two tasks are:
Collect the data. Implement your methodology and see how it goes. Remember, if you are both the person smiling and the person recording the data, you should have some discreet way of recording the information as you go. You do not want people seeing you measuring them or that will change their behavior. You also do not want to count on remembering all the details at the end of the day. Be sure to record some basic observations about who the participant was, as well as what their response was. Again, as stated earlier, DO NOT approach or interact with any of the people that you smile at.
Write the report. Using the standard APA format (see Chapter 2 of the APA manual), write up the experiment. There is an exemplar available for you to review in the Assignment Guidelines and Rubric folder. This is meant to help you. However, you should understand that it is the work of a fellow student. That means that this should be used more for ideas than as an example of the absolute gold standard of classwork.
Be sure your submission includes the following critical elements:
 Introduction: Title pages and abstract (required to be 250 words or less). Provides a research explanation that is appropriate for use based on the evidence in social science research, within APA word limits
● Introduction: Peer-reviewed resources—Include at least one peer-reviewed article for support.
● Introduction: Hypothesis—End with your hypothesis.
● Method: Development/description—Describe what you did. This should be detailed enough that you could hand the paper to a stranger and they could
replicate your study exactly.
● Method: Data collection and analysis—Describe the data collection and analysis procedures in detail.
● Method: Participants—Describe your participants. Descriptions must be an estimation only (such as estimating age). DO NOT approach people asking for
any information.
● Discussion: Supports/rejects—Write up what you found. Include a table or chart illustrating all of the participants’ responses. State if the data supports
or rejects your hypothesis.
● Discussion: Larger conclusion—What larger conclusions could you draw from this data? Are the results generalizable? What are the next steps if
someone wanted to continue this research? (Note that this section is not present in the current exemplar but is still expected for this assignment.)
● Discussion: Limitations—What are the limitations of the study that your reader needs to be aware of?
● References: Another section you are hopefully comfortable with by now. Your references should be in APA style format.
Guidelines for Submission: Your paper must be submitted as Microsoft Word document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one-inch margins, running head, title page, and at least three sources cited in APA format. This submission should be approximately 3–5 pages (not counting title or reference page).

Learning Goal: I’m working on a research & summaries multi-part question and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.
In this assignment, you will write summaries for 5 peer-reviewed articles.
Summaries should be approximately 8-10 sentences each and capture the following
information:
 Purpose of the study and/or the main research questions addressed
 Participant information includes the number of participants as well as key
demographic information like age, gender, and race/ethnicity.
 Procedures used to collect the data including how data was collected (i.e. survey,
interview, etc.)
 Key study variables and how they were defined/measured
 Main study findings (what relationship was found between the key study variables?)
 Implications of the findings for your research question.
Each entry in the annotated bibliography should start with a proper APA citation
followed by the summary. Summaries MUST BE IN YOUR OWN WORDS (NO DIRECT QUOTES) copyingand-pasting will be considered plagiarism. See the example below:
Graham, S., & Morales-Chicas, J. (2015). The ethnic context and attitudes toward 9th grade
math. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 4(1), 1-32.
https://doi.org/10.4471/ijep.2015.01
This study examined relationships between school ethnic context and math course taking
patterns and attitudes for middle school youth. Participants were a part of larger longitudinal
study and included 265 9th graders (55% female) from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds
including Latino (44%), White (27%), Asian (18%), and African American (13%). Students in
the study completed surveys that took approximately 45 minutes. Some of the primary variables
in this study were math level, math attitudes, and same ethnic representation in class. Math level
was measured used students self-reported 9th grade math level (i.e. Algebra, Geometry, etc.)
Math attitudes were measured using a series of questions geared toward understanding student’s
perceived competence, importance, and anxiety in math. Same ethnic representation in class was
measured with a multiple choice asking students to indicate their perception of the number of
same-ethnic peers in their class. Scores ranged from 1=“None or hardly any” to 7= “all or almost
all. Results showed increased perceived same ethnic representation in math class was associated
with increased perceived math competence and belonging, especially when the overall school
ethnic climate was negative. Findings from this study address my research question by providing
evidence of a positive relationship between same ethnic representation in math class and math
attitudes as well as introducing a potentially important covariate—school ethnic climate

Learning Goal: I’m working on a research & summaries multi-part question and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.
1.Discuss a skill that you learned in this course,( Research Methods) and explain how you can apply it to increase success in your career in a real-world scenario.
Answer in 5 paragraph
2. This article is a quick read that provides some simple essential research tips. I will keep these in mind moving forward. It reminded me how important being able to research and write in business. I have a friend who works for Amazon.
Reply to post within 2-3 sentences
THIS IS NOT SUMMARY, please number your answers.

Learning Goal: I’m working on a research & summaries discussion question and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.
Tofthagen, C., & McMillan, S. C. (2010). Pain, neuropathic symptoms, and physical and mental well-being in persons with cancer.Cancer Nursing, 33 (6), 436-444. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181e212b4
Using the above link, repond to the 5 prompts below. Each prompt less than 200 words.
Were the data collection methods/procedures appropriate to the research question(s) being studied? Were there the rationales given for the methods being used in the study? (Monica)
Yes, the methods of data collection were appropriate for the research question seeking to explore the experiences of cancer patients who describe their pain as neuropathic (numbness, tingling, or electric-like) vs not (Tofthagen & McMillan, 2010). From the parent study, it provided three questionnaires with four different instruments to measure pain experience, one at the beginning and two after intervention. This study only included data from the first set of questionnaires, allowing a comparison of the control and intervention groups pre intervention to get a baseline assessment of the patient’s experience of cancer pain. The rationales for the methods were given and described as combining the two groups questionnaires first, and then splitting them into the two subtypes of pain being explored in the research question to make comparisons.
Report the appropriateness of the instruments related to the study purpose. What levels of the measurement were achieved for measuring the study variables? [for example: ordinal level for the CESD etc.] (Marilyn)
The purpose of the study was to explore how cancer patients experienced pain if it included neuropathic pain (numbness, tingling, or electric-like sensations) compared to those whose pain did not include neuropathic pain (Tofthagen & McMillan, 2010). The instruments used to measure pain variables were the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS), the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form (MOSS-F), and a revised version of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-R). Looking at depression from pain, the study also incorporated the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Sacel – Depression (CES-D). The validity and reliability of the MSAS was reported as strong in cancer patients and so that instrument was appropriate for the study’s purpose (Tofthagen & McMillan, 2010; Lobiondo-Wood & Haber, 2022, p. 339). Likewise, the BPI-R, which measured pain severity and interference with ADLs, was strongly reliable in previous studies and so this instrument was appropriate for this study measuring pain. The health-related quality of life (physical and emotional) instrument MOSS-F and the depression scale CES-D were also appropriate to the study of pain and effects on daily living and were found to be widely used and reliable in other studies. The levels of measurement achieved were:
CESD
Ordinal
Range (0-60 Scale)
BPI-R
Ordinal
Range (1-10 scale)
MSAS
Ordinal
Range and Coefficients
MOSS -F
Ordinal
Scales
Tofthagen & McMillan, 2010; LoBiondo-Wood, 2022, p. 283.
What were IVs and DV(s) in the study? Were all variables in the study adequately measured? (Brock)
The IVs are individuals with and without neuropathic pain descriptors (numbness, tingling, and electric-like sensations).
The DVs were pain, pain interference, MSAS symptom differences, health related quality of life and depression symptoms.
The DVs were adequately measured, some the instruments included Brief Pain Inventory revise (BPI-R) and Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS)
Was there any evidence of potential bias for self-report instrument? If so, what was it? How did it affect the strength and quality of evidence? (Marla)
The study conducted had a bias based on ethnic group and religious background. Many of the patients included in this study were white with a religious background of Christianity. This could be due to the geographic location of the study which took place in southwest Florida. The study used a control group to compare the data collected. The mean age from both groups differed by 4 years. The use of four different assessment scales for patients to self-report their pain. The subject matter of this study is challenging since pain is subjective. This topic alone could lead to a bias in patients depending on their background. Based on self reporting of instruments that focused on “numbness, tingling, and electric like ” pain it could provide potential bias of not including other descriptions that could be neuropathic pain (Tofthagen & McMillan, 2010). Then without other descriptions related to use for neuropathic pain, there may have been an underestimation of the amount of patients with this type of pain possibly affecting the strength of the evidence.
Did the authors discuss reliability and/or validity of all instruments in the article? Choose two instruments and describe / evaluate the sufficiency of the reliability and validity information provided for the selected instrument. (Shawna)
The instruments used for this study included the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Scale-Depression and a revised version of the Brief Pain Inventory. (Tofthagen & McMillan, 2010) After discussing the instruments used, the authors described them as having a strong reliability or strong internal consistency for all instruments utilized in this study.
Cronbach’s alpha is used to test internal consistency. Alphas above 0.70 are sufficient evidence for supporting internal consistency. ( Lobiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018). Utilizing Cronbach’s alpha to evaluate reliability/validity, the authors identified in the MSAS a reliability of alpha =.83-.92 indicating low risk for bias. In the CES-D Cronbach alphas were .85 for the general public and .85-.91 in persons with cancer, indicating strong reliability. (Tofthagen & McMillan, 2010)
References
Lobiondo-Wood, G., & Haber, J. (2022). Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier.
Tofthagen, C. S., & McMillan, S. C. (2010). Pain, neuropathic symptoms, and physical and mental well-being in persons with cancer. Cancer nursing, 33(6), 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181e212b4

Learning Goal: I’m working on a research & summaries discussion question and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.
Discuss some of the reasons why we include methodological theory in our research? What purpose does it serve? What role do inquiry paradigms play in research? Your posts this week should demonstrate critical reflection upon the assigned readings.
The Routledge International Handbook of the Sociology of Education. Chapters 19, 29, 35 and 37
http://ezproxy.apus.edu
An Introduction to the Philosophy of Methodology
vhttp://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=http://methods.s…

Learning Goal: I’m working on a research & summaries exercise and need guidance to help me learn.
It is important to understand yourself as a leader and how you fit into an organization. In this journal assignment, you will discuss your individual experience with organizational culture and how it has impacted communication and leadership within an organization you are familiar with. This could be an organization you currently work for, or one you have worked for in the past. You may wish to revisit the results of your personality assessment from your previous work and discuss how your leadership style connects to the organizational culture you describe here.
Prompt
Revisit your Big Five personality assessment and the related journal assignment, and consider who you are as a leader. Think of the culture of an organization that you currently work for or have worked for in the past, and describe your role within it based on the organizational culture and your disposition.
Specifically, you must address the following rubric criteria:
Organizational Culture: Describe the organizational culture of the organization of your choice. Consider the following in your response:What is the organization’s mission and vision?
How have you seen the organization’s mission and vision reflected in daily activities such as communication, management approaches, priorities, and so on?
What does the organization value?
Impacts of Culture and Leadership: Describe the impact of culture and leadership on the employees and day-to-day business, providing examples. Consider the following in your response:How did organizational culture play a role in the examples you provided?
In the examples you provided, was the communication or behavior aligned with the culture the organization promotes? Why or why not?
Leadership Style and Personality Traits: Discuss your leadership style and personality traits; focus specifically on how your leadership fits into an organizational culture. Consider the following in your response:What traits make you a strong leader, and how does this connect to the organizational culture you described?
Guidelines for Submission
Your submission should be a 1- to 2-page Word document with 12-point Times New Roman font, double spacing, and one-inch margins. Sources should be cited according to APA style.
Module Four Journal Rubric
CriteriaExemplary (100%)Proficient (85%)Needs Improvement (55%)Not Evident (0%)Value
Organizational CultureExceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative mannerDescribes the organizational culture of the chosen organizationShows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include providing more accurate or detailed descriptions of the organizational cultureDoes not attempt criterion30
Impacts of Culture and LeadershipExceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative mannerDescribes the impact of culture and leadership on the employees and day-to-day business, providing examplesShows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include providing examples that more closely align to or support the impact of culture and leadership, or more accurately describing the impactsDoes not attempt criterion30
Leadership Style and Personality TraitsExceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative mannerDiscusses leadership style and personality traits, focusing specifically on how these fit into an organizational cultureShows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include providing more detail or further explanation to help support ideasDoes not attempt criterion30
Articulation of ResponseExceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative mannerClearly conveys meaning with correct grammar, sentence structure, and spelling, demonstrating an understanding of audience and purposeShows progress toward proficiency, but with errors in grammar, sentence structure, and spelling, negatively impacting readabilitySubmission has critical errors in grammar, sentence structure, and spelling, preventing understanding of ideas5
Citations and AttributionsUses citations for ideas requiring attribution, with few or no minor errorsUses citations for ideas requiring attribution, with consistent minor errorsUses citations for ideas requiring attribution, with major errorsDoes not use citations for ideas requiring attribution5
Total:100%

Learning Goal: I’m working on a research & summaries question and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.
The goal of this assignment is to set you up for success in designing research inquiries moving forward. Part of a solid research idea and proposal is having a workable research question that is narrow enough that it can be addressed in the space provided (for example a 15-20 page research paper versus a 50-page thesis), and written in a way that is open-ended and free from bias.
1. Start your assignment with an introductory paragraph about your research topic and why it is of interest and a research “puzzle.” You want to guide your reader from your research area to your research topic, then on to your general research question, and specific research question.
While there are many ways to frame a research question, at the graduate level, your research questions should be 1) open-ended and start with “How,” “Why,” “What,” or “To what extent;” 2) should incorporate the variables you seek to assess and their relationship; and 3) should indicate how you intend to test the nature of that relationship. You want to make sure that your question has an appropriate amount of complexity so that it requires a significant amount of research and analysis. A simple Google search should not be able to answer your research question.
Too broad: How can personal ambition in politics be harmful?
Too narrow: What is Vladimir Putin’s position on ballistic missile defense?
Too vague: What is Vladimir Putin’s “operational code?”
Appropriately Complex and Focused: To what extent has Vladimir Putin been motivated by a drive for power compared to his predecessor Boris Yeltsin, and how has Putin’s personal ambitions shaped Russia’s relations with the United States?
2. Next, provide a purpose statement that conveys your intentions about what you hope to produce. See the references in your Lessons for additional insight. Often within the literature, this discussion is usually called out by a phrase like the following: “This paper examines . . .,” “The aim of this paper is to . . .,” or “The purpose of this essay is to . . .”. Remember that a purpose statement makes a promise to the reader about the development of the argument but does not preview the particular conclusions that the writer has drawn. Your purpose statement should demonstrate what you are hoping to find out, and also explain what you want your readers to understand (motivation or argument of the research). Later on, when you go to write a paper, a trick to help keep your paper focused around your purpose or argument is to paste it into the header or footer while you write.
This formula and example set from the Baruch College Writing Center may be helpful:
I am studying…
(Narrowed Topic)
…because I want to find out…
(Research Question)
….so that readers understand…
(Motivation or Argument)
Differences in Boston-based and Philadelphia-based abolitionist rhetoric……why Boston-based abolitionists emphasized broad themes of social justice……how previous scholars may have overlooked the role of free black Bostonians in shaping anti-slavery ideals.
The origins of the Glass-Steagall Act…why lawmakers supported its passage……that their motives resulted not from careful economic analysis but rather from ideological preconceptions about the role of commercial banks in society.
(From Baruch College Writing Center “Focusing Research Topics Workshop” www.writingcenter.baruch.cuny.edu)
3. Pull out the dependent (DV) and independent variable(s) (IV) that you are interesting it looking at. This needs to be specific and you need to discuss ideas for how you might go about measuring the impact that the IV as on the DV. You need to focus on one or two specific variables (and discuss how they are defined), otherwise, your research will quickly spin out of control as you will not have the capacity to effectively address the relationship between all the variables. The PRS Group offers a good list of variables they use in their research. This list is just an example of variables to show you what a variable might look like and how it might be defined.
Hypothesis: A statement for how a change or condition in one or more independent variables cause(s) a change or condition in a dependent variable.
Not all studies or research papers require the use of a hypothesis. In most cases, hypotheses are used when a study is conducting an experiment or when a study is quantitative in nature. However, this is an important skill to develop in case you do go on to complete quantitative research or conduct a formal experiment.
In this next step, you will develop a hypothesis that reflects your educated guess as to the relationship between your selected variables. You may use an “if” “then” statement or you may formulate it as a narrative statement. Finally, explain why these are the important variables to look at within this research project. Why focus on these variables and not other variables?
By the time you are done, you should have at least 3-4 pages of content (double spaced in times-new roman font 12), not including the title page, and a “references list or bibliography” page. Your writing should be consistent with the professional/academic writing style. For a refresher on the conventions of academic writing please refer to the latest Turabian writing guide or APA writing manual. Since multiple writing styles are in use within this course, on your title page, please note which style you are using within your assignment. This will help me cater my comments to the style you are using. The style you use needs to be the one that is used within your program of study.
Please contact me if you have any questions.
You can also consult: Turabian (2013) Chapter 2 and Hypothesis Writing
http://www.experiment-resources.com/how-to-write-a-hypothesis.html
Use the filename (no spaces) yourlastnameWeek3.doc for uploading this file to the Assignment.
As you proofread your assignment I encourage you to work with Belcher, Wendy Laura. 2009. “Editing Your Sentences” In Writing Your Journal Article in 12 Weeks: A Guide to Academic Publishing Success. Sage. This resource has a nice step by step process for enhancing your writing and you can find it in the course content section.
Note: This assignment will be something that you draw upon to help you complete your final assignment, which is a research proposal. For that assignment you may use the same research question you developed here or create another one.

Both assignments are similar. You can use same topic for both parts.
Part 1- When you hear the word epidemic, what disease comes to your mind first? Ask this question of 10 people you know, allowing them time to think and give you an answer. Try to find people of different ages as you complete your informal poll. List their answers on paper. Are there any answers that surprise your? Does your list include both classic and contemporary epidemic diseases?
Part 2-For this assignment, you will need to survey 20 people online. You can select whatever topic you would like. Keep it focused on the topic you select. You can use the same topic from part 1- “Epidemic”
1. Write 5 questions on a related topic and give them the choice between: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree or strongly disagree.You can use the Question from part 1 and come up with 4 more questions related to epidemic. Q1. When you hear the word epidemic what comes to mind?
2. Tabulate your results of the survey.
3. Send me a memo in which you reveal your findings. What methodology did you use? Start from creating your questions and walk me to your findings. Discuss how you might strengthen your survey if you wanted to do a larger study on this subject.
4. Create 2 graphs displaying your results.

Course Learning Objectives:
Demonstrate an understanding of the field of law enforcement, its origins and evolution, and its place in the criminal justice system.
Demonstrate an understanding of the concepts common to modern police work.
Demonstrate an understanding of the mutual influence of American policing and society on one another.
Instructions for this Assignment
Please submit your final paper here. As a reminder of the final requirements, please review the following:
The paper will be in the APA (American Psychological Association) format. If you need help with this, consult https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01… or speak with me early on. The paper must meet all of the following:
Cover page with title, student name, course name, professor name, running head (see APA style)The paper will have a minimum of three pages (not including cover page or references pages)
You must have at least two sources (no Wikipedia).
A references page in APA format
Times New Roman, Arial, or Georgia 12-point font.
Some elements (topic, annotated bibliography, etc) will be required to be submitted as the semester progresses – this is part of the overall grade and must be completed.
Spelling, grammar, and exhibiting proficiency with the “craft” of writing will all be assessed and graded.
To earn a grade of “A” you must meet (or exceed) all the aforementioned requirements, and present a well-organized, well-researched final product.
Thanks!
My topic is Police Use Of Force
Your paper should be double-spaced and include a centered title. Any sources used should be properly cited in APA format.

One of the most hotly contested topics–today and “yesterday”–regards freedom and prosperity. Does freedom make prosperity possible for all or is it the cause of the inequalities and inadequacies we see in the world, especially in the most marginalized classes and peoples? Is prosperity a friend to freedom, or does it necessarily result in the kinds of injustices we see in different places around the world today?
Drawing upon Volume 3 of the Free to Choose video series, “Freedom and Prosperity,” your studies and understanding and experience address the above topic/questions.